Tribal Court Authority Research Paper - 1337 Words

Tribal Court Authority: Alcohol and Drug Regulations Alaska faces a variety of different problems. One of the main concerns of Alaskans is the abuse of drugs and alcohol (Alcohol and Drug Abuse). Abusing these substances causes a lot of wrongdoing in communities and creates obstacles that dramatically affect the people of Alaska, especially in rural areas. Tribal courts across the state attempt to resolve these problems by establishing an array of different rules and regulations to help protect the Alaskan people. Without community support- change is not ensured (Tanana Chiefs 95). According to the National Alcoholism Center, Alaska has one of the highest alcohol consumption rates in the nation as well an enormous rate for binge†¦show more content†¦Another report attributed to drug and alcohol abuse shows that the sexual abuse of children is approximately 6 times the national average (STAR). Abusing alcohol also opens the door to unresolved pain, anger, and grief; that leads to bad decisions, such as suicide (Hopkins 3). Another considerable factor of this problem is the influence these substances have on children. Alcoholism in the home is an extremely hard issue to cope with as a child. Domestic violence, which is often worsened by alcohol abuse, causes a lot of mental issues that affect children permanently. Many kids do not have a stable home and are forced to see their parents and loved ones struggle with drinking (Hopkins 7). Suffering through the effects of drugs and alcohol also make education a challenge. Children often times stay home from school or are inattentive during class due to lack of sleep from late-night parties or rowdiness at home.This makes it almost impossible to succeed later in life and lets the problem continue onto the next generation. Bootlegging is a major concern in rural Alaska as most of these substances come from outside of the villages. A bottle of alcohol legally purchased for less than $10 in a city liquor store can be sold in a dry village for $150 to $300 per bottle. Because of this, bills go unpaid and children go uncared for (Hopkins 5). All of these are widely known problems across the state. Tribes across Alaska have been granted with inherent sovereignty;Show MoreRelatedstudent1399 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing persuaded into doing things that it believes is the correct thing to do in its eyes. Such act of moral deterioration is the increase in denial of the necessity and relevance of marriage. Today’s society believes that marriage is only a piece of paper, a private agreement between partners, which doesn’t define the bond that they have established between themselves. When in fact marriage is an institution of divine origin, and is governed by the rules of God. Marriage holds a significant relevanceRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 PagesLegal and Religious Perspectives An Analytical Study of Honour killings Abuse and Disconnecting Islam from This Ancient Brutal Tradition Author MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED, 27-05-2010 Malmà ¶ University Malmà ¶, Sweden Abstract This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called â€Å"honour killings† in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of â€Å"honour killings† by looking at trends and patterns in this kind of homicides in PakistanRead MoreHistorical Injustice Against Indigenous People And Forest Dwellers Of Indi Success Or Failure6577 Words   |  27 PagesHistorical Injustice against indigenous people and forest dwellers of India: Success or Failure Research Scholar Ph.D. Supervisor Amisha Jain Dr Rama Sharma Noida International University HOD, The School of Legal Studies ajain@lawyer.com Research, Noida International University Abstract The preamble of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (hereinafter referred to as the Forest Rights Act or FRA) states that the ActRead MoreIndian Self Determination And Education Assistance Act Of 19751476 Words   |  6 PagesIndian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 The Self Determination era is defined as the revolution of perception, recognition, and assistance by the Federal Government towards the Tribal Community. This Era recognized that Native Americans ability to govern themselves and that the Federal Government should provide assistance through funding various programs such as education, reservation development, and cultural renewal(Castile 1998). Along with the financial support was anRead MoreThe Modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Essay3146 Words   |  13 Pagesadministration of Saudi. The main purpose here is to shed light on the administrative structure of the Saudi state. The discussion will focus on how the concept of the state has evolved since 1932 until now, how the ruling regime tried to move Saudi from tribal system to modern state system. Besides that, the discussion will focus on the effort of the royal family to encourage people to take over some administrative responsibilities. The Political System of the State Saudi is an Arab Islamic country andRead MoreNative American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act2852 Words   |  12 Pagesgained recognition again. This essay will answer what federal recognition, the termination process, and Native American Graves Protection and Restoration Act is, and apply them to the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria. Methodology To complete the paper I will be researching and presenting, secondary data will be reviewed initially through the university library using a range of information sources such as the JSTOR system, ProQuest, academic and commercial abstracts, bibliographic databases, andRead MoreThe Political Issues Of The Indian Removal Act Of 18301154 Words   |  5 Pagesstay in effect until the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842. Native Americans’ feelings toward the United States government have changed from one of annoyance to disgust since being taken advantage of during the Indian Removal Act. In this research paper I will illuminate the political issues involved with the Indian Removal Act by examining whether Jackson’s decision to move forward with the Act was constitutional, defining the reasons behind establishing the Act, and explaining how it negativelyRead MoreAmerican Indians And Alaskan Natives1982 Words   |  8 Pagesin courts to mean that healthcare and services were in a sense prepaid by AI/AN tribes and 400 million acres of land. The misconception of â€Å"free healthcare† and a conservative political disdain from so called entitlement programs have also led to misconceptions regarding the federal government’s responsibility to provide health care and services to AI/ANs. Rhoades (2000) has argued that tribal sovereignty is the overarching principle guiding Indian health care on a daily basis.1 This paper willRead MorePolice Administration And Protecting The Community2796 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract: a paper on police administration and protecting the community against acts of terrorism. Discussion on how police administration is used in protecting the community by keeping them safe against potential terrorist actions. It will go into depth about combating terrorism and responding to terrorism reporting. Combating terrorism programs such as SLATT, Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council (ATAC) training initiatives, and COPS grants will be examined. _____________________________________________________________________________Read MoreLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century15936 Words   |  64 PagesDelicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process The Levels of Law Enforcement Municipal Agencies County Agencies State Agencies Federal Agencies Department of Justice Department of Homeland Security Department of the Treasury U.S. Postal Service Tribal Agencies Chapter Objectives ââ€"  Describe the concept of linkage blindness and its importance in the criminal justice system. ââ€"  Understand the police role in maintaining social control. ââ€"  Explain why discretion is a necessary aspect of policing. ââ€"  Explain

Cdna Cloning And Sequence Analysis Essay - 1116 Words

3. Results 3.1 cDNA cloning and sequence analysis In this study, we cloned the rabbit NMU, NUM-R1 and NMU-R2 cDNA fragments using RT-PCR. Specific fragments were amplified and target gene fragment length was 443, 366 and 203 bp, respectively (Fig.1 A, B and C), consistent with the expected size of the fragment, and clear bands. These fragments were confirmed by sequencing, and the NMU, NMU-R1 and NMU-R2 sequences were submitted to GenBank (GenBank IDs: KP276160.1, KM-236787.1 and KM-236788.1). NCBI database map views program analysis showed that The rabbit NMU, NMU-R1 and NMU-R2 gene were located at chromosome 2, 3 and 1 respectively. The sequence analysis showed that rabbit NMU gene exhibited an open reading frame (ORF) of 564 nucleotides encoding 188 amino acids residues, while NMU-R1 gene included 360 nucleotides encoding 120 amino acids residues, and NMU-R2 gene included 288 nucleotides encoding 96 amino acids residues. The rabbit NMU, NMU-R1 and NMU-R2 genes sequences were 84%, 84% and 87% identical to those of the corresponding human homologues, respectively. The homology of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences are compared in Table (2, 3 and 4). Multiple alignment analysis of the amino acid sequences indicated that the rabbit NMU, NMU-R1 and NMU-R2 were relatively conserved in human, mouse, cow, pig, rat and sheep (Fig. 2, 3 and 4). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NMU coding sequences are highly conserved between the related species (Fig. 5). PhylogeneticShow MoreRelatedBiological Molecules Like Nucleic Acids And Polysachharides2245 Words   |  9 Pagesstates. To know the human genome, itâ€⠄¢s really need to understand the proteome of humans. It has been concluded that from the point of view of therapeutics that the targets for major drugs are proteins instead of nucleic acids (Verrills, 2006). Protein analysis identifies changes like its expressions, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications and sub-cellular distribution. Nowadays many different molecular techniques are being used as tools to discover and determine different biologicalRead MoreApple Scar Skin Viroid Case Study1156 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove the LAMP selectivity and promote its diagnostic use in detecting ASSVd in plants. ASSVd LAMP was accelerated by the use of loop primers and highly sensitive with a detection limit of 103 copies of ASSVd cDNA per reaction within 30 min. The real-time LAMP and melting curve analysis could differentiate between the true-positive LAMP amplicons and false-positive non-specific primer amplification products. The optimized RT-LAMP was then followe d by the addition of AuNP:polyA10-ASSVd LAMP barcodesRead MoreSugarcane ( Saccharum Spp )1158 Words   |  5 Pages2008; Gui et al. 2011), and woody plants (Allina et al. 1998; Hu et al. 1998; Harding et al. 2002) but in sugarcane it has not been cloned and charaterised till now. Therefore in this present study, we have attempted and cloned the partial coding sequences of 4CL from EC11010, the energy cane and characterized to understand the regulatory reactions of lignin biosynthesis pathway in sugarcane which ultimately can be used for delignification of sugarcane biomass and its improved utilization for ethanolRead MoreBased on the Plant Biology Journal entitled â€Å"Gene discovery in the wood-forming tissues of poplar:900 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the Plant Biology Journal entitled â€Å"Gene discovery in the wood-forming tissues of poplar: Analysis of 5,692 expressed sequence tags†, by Sterky et al., 1998, expressed sequence tags (EST) database was prepared with s pecific procedure. First of all, EST can be defined as a short fragments sequence, range from 100 bp- 1000 bp. It derived from a c DNA clone which represents the expressed genes sequence. Usually, ESTs are used to identify the full length genes and serves as a target for mapping withRead MoreA Research Study On Cultured And Handled At 20. C Using Standard Methods ( Brenner ) Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesinterference RNAi depletion of cdc-25.2 in mutants of E3 ubiquitin-ligase complex genes was performed by the soaking RNAi method as previously described (Lee et al., 2016). The cdc-25.2 dsRNA was prepared by in vitro transcription using a cdc-25.2 cDNA clone, yk472b2, as the DNA template. Worms synchronized at the first larval (L1) stage were soaked into the dsRNA solution and incubated for 48 h at 20  °C. Then, the soaked animals were transferred to OP50-seeded NGM plates and allowed to grow untilRead MoreThe Viological Structure Of G-Protein Coupled Receptorss1463 Words   |  6 Pageseffectors (Lefkowitz, 2007). EXPERIMENT 2: Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin (Dixon RA, et al., 1986) Overview of the Experiment The ligand binding technique mentioned in experiment 1 was also used to tag and isolate receptor molecules through various stages of purification. After successfully purifying ÃŽ ²AR in solubilised form using digitonin (Lefkowitz, 2007), it was then used to clone ÃŽ ²2AR cDNA from hamsters. Methodology Constructing degenerateRead MoreExpressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) versus Serial Analysis of Gene Expression800 Words   |  4 PagesExpressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) versus Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) INTRODUCTION Expressed sequence tag or also known as EST are 200 to 800 unedited nucleotide bases in length, and randomly selected single pass sequence reads which are derived from the cDNA libraries while serial analysis of gene expression or SAGE have more shorter sequence tags with only 10 to 20 base pairs. But even it is short it still have enough information to uniquely identify a transcript, especially if it isRead MoreNucleic Acid Measurements1302 Words   |  6 Pagessulfate reduction – nirS (nitrate reductase) nitrate reduction Wednesday, July 24, 2013 16S rRNA gene probes †¢ Oligonucleotide primers for PCR Target region cDNA 16S rDNA clone library †¢ Oligonucleotide probes complementary to 16S rRNA molecule – no need for PCR because many copies in cells Wednesday, July 24, 2013 cDNA RNA ribosome Secondary Structure: 16S rRNA Different locations on the 16S rRNA molecule offer identity at different phylogenetic levels †¢Domain EU338 †¢PhylumRead MoreThe Structural Domains And Mechanism Of Action Of Ribozymes1686 Words   |  7 Pagesconsist of a catalytic domain and a substrate binding domain. (Ebrahimian, 2015) The substrate binding domain has a specific sequence antisense to the target mRNA. This sequence recognizes and hybridizes specifically to its substrate. (Missailidis, 2008). Alteration of the substrate binding domain can be done so that the substrate specifically cleaves any mRNA sequence. The RNA catalytic domain cleaves the substrate at a target site recognized by the ribozyme (Glick Pasternak, 2003). The resultantRead MoreBiology Essay3361 Words   |  14 PagesSkill: Factual Recall 4) The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines A) gene cloning. B) plasmid transformation. C) clonal selection. D) tissue culturing. E) plasmolysis. Answer: A Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 5) In the process of human gene cloning using recombinant plasmids, the bacterial plasmid A) functions as a vector. B) is the source of the gene

Career Plan Free Essays

All my life, I have always enjoyed helping people to the best of my ability. I graduated high school with the intent to further my career in the Health Care field. I am currently attending Westwood College to become a Medical Assistant. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have decided to become a medical assistant because it’s a career where I’m helping other people, doing clinical work, and it’s also a career that’s growing. Medical assistants assist nurses and physicians with a variety of administrative and medical tasks. Most MAs work in doctor’s office and hospitals. They help with a variety of tasks including checking-in patients, taking vital signs, gives shots, filling medical charts, and insurance billing and coding. Their hours average to 40 per week, Monday through Friday. Some schools offer a one-year certificate or complete a two-year associate’s degree from an accredited school. After completing that, you may sign up to take the certification exam to become a Certified Medical Assistant. I have a variety of skills I will use in my career. I am very responsible, trustworthy, sincere, multi-tasker, understanding, patient, motivated, and great with working with others. My skills will greatly impact my career choice because I’ll put all my skills into action on the job. In my research, Medical Assistants have analytical, detailed orientated and technical skills. Further, a medical assistant is often the first and last person a patient interacts with during a visit to a physician’s office. Therefore, a medical assistant helps ease the feeling of vulnerability a patient may experience during their visit. In class, we did a personality trait test, Myers Briggs Type Indicator, and the results I got nailed my personality on the dot. Introversion means we basically stay to ourselves have few friends. Sensing means we are focused on the present, rather than the future. Feeling means we care about one another’s feelings. Perceiving means we keep our options open. The characteristics that will be helpful to my career choice is that I’m aware of my environment, hands-on learner, great listeners, and loyal to values and beliefs. Long Term Goal * Working in a hospital, Monday – Friday 9am-5pm assisting patients Mid-Term Goals * Getting a reliable transportation * Try not to be as stressed out Short Term Goals * Finishing school to become a medical assistant. Getting a better paying job to help finish school I plan to find a job by the end of August 2013, to help continue paying for school. I have 16 more months until I become a medical assistant. Doing this career plan, I’ve learned about my goals, education, and personality. I learned that I have the personality and commitment to become a m edical assistant, and also further my career. I’m lacking a few skills, but that’s where training comes in. When I took the personality trait test, Myers Briggs Type Indicator, it described my personality well, and agreed that the most suitable job would be in the medical field. How to cite Career Plan, Papers Career Plan Free Essays Career Plan Reflection Paper My Strengths results were coping with pressure, strategic, ideation, maximizer, individualization, and intellection. Strategic means I am especially talented in the strategic theme and create alternative ways to proceed. Faced with any given scenario, I can quickly spot the relevant patterns and issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will definitely look forward in obtaining and utilizing these resources now and as my career goals changes in the future. The future is looking brighter for me; I now know it is important to develop a career plan that will provide financial support and personal fulfilment over the course of my professional life. At the end of my career, I want to be recognized as a positive team leader who can bring the best essay writer for hire out of her subordinates and help increase profits for the company. I believe it can be achieved through people I meet and my environment. Another Problem is self-motivation it is hard for me to find the energy and motive to do something although I know finding that drive or that push would lead to great results it’s that process of applying it through the steps. The solution would be to have better brainstorming ideals and improved self-motivation. And then set a goal so that I can generate ideals for what I’m trying to accomplish and that ties into my first problem stated when it comes to the filtering ideals and not going through the process you tend to not filter out. One of my listed above is fear of failure. I think when it comes to education and failure that can present a big problem, an attempt to impose expectations on us in a way that is difficult. Three strengths I have that are related to plant manager are, problem-solving skills, patience, and physical stamina. Having these three strengths I believe it will help me achieve my goals of becoming a plant manager. How to cite Career Plan, Papers Career Plan Free Essays There is many times where we reflect on our own strengths and weaknesses and what would be beneficial for our career path. We often don’t know where to start, and what type of questions to ask ourselves about which path would be the best fit for us. Understanding our career profiler, competencies, and work culture preferences can help give us insight in what direction would be the best bet. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results of my career profiler were pretty interesting. My career matches was definitely not something I was expecting to see. Based on my answers, my best career matches would be a counselor, social worker, and other community and social service specialists, teacher and / or instructor, and preschool, primary, secondary, and special education school teachers. I definitely would consider being a social service specialists or a preschool teacher. I actually saw myself in the Healthcare career path as a nurse at one point or some type of employee in the healthcare industry. The competencies activities have revealed my strengths are in cooperating as the highest, adapting to change and adhering to vales as the second highest, and coping with pressure, following instructions and networking as the lowest. I agree with my strength in being cooperative considering I enjoy working with others toward a common goal. I definitely think being a teacher would best fit my cooperating strength. I actually disagree with the following instructions and networking as my lowest strengths. I may not like always being told what to do, but I will end up following instructions. I disagree with networking being one of my lowest. I enjoy meeting new people and creating new relationships with everyone that I meet. Possible employers that fit my provided competencies would be Hawaii Pacific Health, APS Healthcare, United Health Group and Kaiser Permanente. The work culture preference activity has determined that my ideal work environment would be high powered, well resourced, and ethical. One type of job that aligns my work culture preference that is high powered would be an energy engineer or a businesswoman. After completing the career profiler, competencies and work culture preferences, it definitely got me down to thinking about what type of career would be in my best interest. I am still completely unsure about what career path to take. But I definitely am considering being a social worker or a preschool teacher at this point. I guess I just have to take it day by day and really find out more about myself. Only then will I find the right career path for me. How to cite Career Plan, Papers

Decathlon Strategy free essay sample

Thus, one of its activities is the creation of range of specialized clothing and sportswear as well as sport equipment. So, by marketing its own brands ‘Passion’ Decathlon is diversifying its business as a distributor with the business as a manufacturer of sports products. Examples of those ‘Passion’ brands are Quechua, dedicated to mountain sports, and Tribord for water sports. However, competition in this sector has increased in recent years with the expansion of the supply of sports goods in hypermarkets, which are indirect but important competitors. Concentration of direct competitors such as Intersport, Go Sport or Twinner also plays an important role in this environment. In a market increasingly competitive, attention should be paid to the strategy that Decathlon has put in place in its sector in order to sustain its position. Thus, we will study as a first part the competitive environment of Decathlon. In a second time we will analyze the strategy of the famous French brand, and finally we will focus on the strategic fit. 1. Competitive environment . 1. Pestel †¢ Political factors: Creation of sport structure by local authorities †¢ Economical factors: France is the biggest European market, with 9. 1 billion of euros in 2009 (according to the National French Sport Federation) 78% of the market share is hold by large-scale specialized retailers Lot of sporting goods retailers, which increase competition Hypermarkets are also very interested by the sport sector Growth of second-hand market Producer-dealer are growing in the competition †¢ Social factors: Mass men phenomenon of sport activities: 84% of French over 15 years old practiced a sportive activity in 2010, 10 million were members of sport club and 5 million took part in a sport event Growth of spare time and of purchase power since 2 decades Positive image of sport: health, wellness Recent inflation lead to a reduction of leisure budget Reduction of sports activity with the age †¢ Technological factors: New technologies lead to new activities, or renewal of old one (roller skate have been replaced by rollerblade) ICTs let the development of online sales in sport sector Fast obsolescence in some sports (snow sports for example) †¢ Environmental factors: Outdoor sport is seen as a leisure in harmony with nature †¢ Legal factors: French law restrict the opening of new department store 1. 2. Porter five forces †¢ Rivalry among competitors: Two types of actors are present in the market: large-scale retailers (supermarket chains, department stores) and specialized retailers. In the specialized distribution, we can distinguish: the suburban store and the city center and local shops. Indeed, the current trend shows that the sport is growing urban, getting closer to fashion. Thus, parkas and sneakers are no longer reserved exclusively for sports; they invade the streets and offices. For example, Intersport, a direct competitor of Decathlon, has completed its network of supermarkets with Sport Expert (small local sports shops), Intersport Montagne (in ski resort) and La Halle aux sports (discount local shops). We can also notice that hypermarkets are very interested by the sport sector, and many of them are dedicating a part of their store to the sport goods. The last actor of the market is less important, but must be considered: Some independent shops are specialized in one sport (e. g. cycle shop). Finally, there are numerous distribution channels: shops, mail order, e-commerce, sales at the factory The diversity of actors explains the intensity of competition in the sector. The sector is growing (6%) but this growth is highly variable from one product to another and market share can change quite fast. Competition is particularly important because the market is saturated. †¢ Threats of new entrants and entry barriers: Actual sporting goods retailers are occupying the whole market in term of product offer and price range (low-end to high-end). The actual retailers seem to have locked their area of activity. Therefore, enter the sector involves significant barriers to overcome. Clear barriers: Differentiation is very difficult Require a large capital to have a chance to get in the market Necessary expertise in the sport field Need to be part of a network of manufacturers/distributors In conclusion, the threat of new entrants is very low, considering the important barriers a potential new entrant has to face †¢ Bargaining power of suppliers: As the distributor of its own brand and of international brands products, Decathlon faces two types of providers: Its own subcontractors Manufacturers of sports brands such as Nike, Adidas, Salomon or Reebok The relationship between Decathlon and its subcontractors is based on a strong partnership. On the one hand, the company provides a vital outlet for little French suppliers. On the other hand, the group selects subcontractors who are geographically close and asks them to provide quality exclusive products. Thus, the group is able to deal with this part of suppliers. In contrast, the relationship between sporting goods multinationals and Decathlon are strained. The big brands (Nike, Salomon, and Adidas) have a strong pressure on the place of their articles in the stores. They are complaining that the private label is too much present on the side of their articles. Moreover, the bargaining power is on the side of the major manufacturers and they refuse to be less important than the store’s brand. This choice is very effective in time of crisis, but when the consumer wants a product that also conveys values, it weakens. Threat of substitutes: To evaluate the pressure of substitutes, the question arises about the use of a sports article. On one side, the sports article is related to a sport. In this case, the risk of substitution can come from a change in these activities: they may become less important (in favor of other activities) or a new practice requiring little technical equipment can emerge. On the other hand, if wearing sports clothing is fashionable, clothing habits can take over sport use of the clothe (e. g. streetwear). Therefore, the distributors of sport goods find themselves in competition with retailers of clothing. †¢ Bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining power of customers is important. Indeed, the transfer costs from one distributor to another are small. The major brands are available in all stores of competitors of Decathlon. Moreover, the market of sports equipment especially the sportswear and the shoes are increasingly depending on fashion and seasons: for example, rollerblading have exploded in recent years, but when this market will become mature, a new sport may arise. Consumers are becoming more demanding and less loyal. 1. 3. Strategic group Group A: These are the market leaders offering a wide range of equipment and products of high technology. In addition, these industry leaders are present in clothing, footwear and sport equipment. This strategic group includes brands extremely specialized, whose products are very technical. These companies, for example Eider or Columbia, are positioning themselves in the market of outdoor goods. Group C: Decathlon is itself a strategic group, as it is the only sport equipment distributor to offer its own brands. Decathlons sports products are very broad and also very technical compared to the one of Go Sport and Courir for example. Group D: Here we find ‘riding’ brands, such as Quicksilver and Rip Curl. They position themselves on a particular niche: large variety of fashionable products but no particular technical advantage. Group E: This strategic group includes most sportswear brands like Reebok, Puma (the followers of the market leaders). These companies can be defined by a multi-sports offer (shoes, clothes ) but the products are less technical. 1. 4. Key factors of success †¢ Management knowledge Setting-up: To be able to enter this sector, companies must have a very important capacity to invest, because the costs are very high. An international presence is an advantage in a market without borders. Distribution channels: It is vital to diversify the distribution channels, with the importance of the presence on Internet and in Business to Business. Marketing knowledge Communication policy: Creating brand image through advertising campaigns and sponsoring. Services: The quality of the services is very important to create customer loyalty. Thus, reception, advising, after-sale service and equipment hire are part of the key factors of success. †¢ Production knowledge The range: A large and diversified range, for all consumers with a price range adapted, or a small but very specialized range, aiming very regular user who will pay the price for very high quality.

Teeges College Entrance Essay free essay sample

â€Å"Something you need to know about me to survive: When I want to speak my mind, I usually speak my mind; no one is safe from my brutality. Some people take it personally, but they shouldnt because I even do it to my own parents. Im a very apathetic person sometimes and some people can’t handle it. Who cares? Is what I say. If you cant take it, you know where the heck to go. Its a cruel world anyway. Im just prepping you up for what its like out there, because believe me: I know Im not as bad as 1/2 the people out there. I’ve just been through more in my life than you and it made me tougher and I don’t take crap from anyone. Im glad that I have 3 older brothers. I guess I have to give some credit to them since I got a lot of practice in self defense when I got picked on by them and I think Im ready to be a pro wrestler. We will write a custom essay sample on Teeges College Entrance Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page God help anyone who tries to put their hands on me. I can bring out a can of whoop a** pretty d*** quick. When I moved to America, I learned that people are scared of the unknown. I spoke a different language, I wore different clothes, I behaved differently. Everything about me was different and my fellow classmates didn’t like that and would pick on me mercilessly and I eventually realized that they were scared of me because they didn’t know me. And to be honest, I was scared of them as well.† My passion is writing. I love writing books most of the time. Teen drama is probably my subject of choice just because I am a teenager and I think I would be very good at writing about kids my age. I have the inside scoop, something that a lot of writers who write about teens don’t have. Writing really gives me a sense of control, which is very important to me because I feel that when you lose control, you lose track of what’s happening with yourself and whatever’s going on around you. I control what happens to my characters, who they are, and what they think. I like creating identities. I like imagining what they would do in certain situations, and then have them actually do it and wondering how I would react to situations the way they do because I don’t like to make them entirely like me. I create characters that I absolutely can’t stand and so wish that they would go away, but I’m writing about a person’s life here, and there are people in you life that you can’t stand and who you wish would just disappear, but that’s life. My characters are like my family and that really helps me get into my writing, but it can backfire on me because I may not always be ‘objective’ the things I write. I like to be very straight up with myself and with people around me because I feel like life’s too short and I have don’t have time for nonsense. I don’t change myself for other people and I do have a mind of my own and that’s how I would want to represent my characters. They have their own identities and they don’t like to waste time on some of the silly stuff. I like to be raw when I write instead of sugarcoating things. When I got to fourth grade, I started hearing my classmates cussing around me everyday. I knew what the words were, and that they were bad words that only my parents were allowed to say, but soon, I began adjusting to that new change by saying them too. When I got to junior high, even some of my friends were already ditching school and doing other things they werent supposed to. In a lot of books, you don’t see what really goes on. I don’t necessarily write how people should deal with those types of things, I only w rite about how I would react, how I have reacted, and how I’ve seen others react to it because I can’t really speak for all the other kids out there, so I won’t. My favorite character that I’ve created would most likely be Mia Airaldo. She’s an Italian immigrant and moved to the U.S. at the young age of eight. She had to learn to be tough because people judge you if you’re different and she had to learn how to adapt to a completely new life. I think that her move to the U.S. and that huge adjusting period helped her adjust to going to middle school, and then high school, and even college when I do get to that part. I won’t really be getting that far anytime soon because I have yet to make that transition and that adjustment and you can’t really write a good story about an experience that you haven’t even experienced. The reason I made Mia an Italian character is because I love the Italian culture and it is my dream to live in Italy and experience life as an Italian. So I chose to incorporate that interest into my writing and I like it a lot because Im somewhat familiar with it. I know Im a good writer, and I know that confidence in myself is very important. But I want to be confident in saying that I am a great writer and Im very eager to learn more and expand on what I already know. And thats why I want to attend your school.

The Explanation of Criminality essays

The Explanation of Criminality essays From a sociological perspective, explanations for criminal- ity are found in two levels which are the subculture and the The sociological explanations emphasize aspects of societal arrangements that are external to the actor and compelling. A sociological explanation is concerned with how the structure of a society or its institutional practices or its persisting cultural themes affect the conduct of its members. Individual differences are denied or ignored, and the explanation of the overall collective behavoir is sought in the patterning of social arrangements that is considered to be both "outside" the actor and "prior to him" (Sampson, 1985). That is, the social patterns of power or of institutions which are held to be determinative of human action are also seen as having been in existence before any particular actor came on the scene. In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and compelling of any particular person. Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which he Political philosophers, sociologists, and athropologists have long observed that a condition of social life is that not all things are allowed. Standards of behavior are both a pro- duct of our living together and a requirement if social life The concept of a culture refers to the perceived standards of behavior, observable in both words and deeds, that are learned, transmitted from generation to generation and somewhat durable. To call such behavior "cultural" does not necessar- ily mean that it is "refined," but rather means that it is "cultured" aquired, cultivated, and persistent. Social scientists have invented the notion of a subculture to describe variations, ...

Pros and cons of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Essay

Pros and cons of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards - Essay Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper one of the benefits of extrinsic and extrinsic motivations is the increased performance. Extrinsic motivations may take the forms of rewards. This contributes a lot towards making the individuals to dedicate more of their efforts, skills and time in completion of certain take. Rewards, both tangible and psychological always lead to increased performances and high quality outcomes. In classroom setups, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations may lead to increased competition since each student may want to be rewarded at the end of it all. This boosts academic outcomes and shapes the students towards excellence. There are several demerits of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. In classroom setups, extrinsic motivations may be viewed and argued as aspects of discriminations against the students. This follows that it always leads to some form of academic barriers and stigmatizations. Some students who may not get the rewards as regular may be perceived incompetent by other colleagues. This demeans and belittles those students. In addition, in many cases, the rewards are always given out based on the person who leads but not the one who has shown tremendous improvement in an area. In most cases, such always lead to some forms of discriminations. The same may also apply to the workplaces. As such, it is important to note that rewards may be demoralizing at times.

Menken's Dead Gods Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Menken's Dead Gods - Term Paper Example Take for instance, Huitzilopochtli, who was the national god of the Aztec of Tenochtitlan and the most celebrated and feared of all the gods of the ancient Aztec. The Aztec built a great temple on the Pyramid in Tenochtitlan in his honor. At its completion ceremonies, it is reported that more than 20,000 human sacrifices were offered in a four day celebration (Andrews 224). This attests to position Huitzilopochtli occupied among the ancient Aztec. However, apart from a few savage in the Mexican forest, Huitzilopochtli is as dead as dead great men like General Coxey Richmond P. Hobson because he lives only in history. No one worship or pay reverence to him in any form. He is a forgotten character even among the present day Aztec. Huitzilopochtli is not the only god that is a victim of death. Indeed, the numerous Roman gods and goddesses such as Jupiter and Venus, the Egyptian gods and goddesses such as Isis and Osiris (British Broadcasting Corporation), have undergone similar fate. Ju piter is no longer worshiped by present day Romans nor is Osiris of any relevance to the 21st century Egyptian. The same applies to all the gods mentioned by Mencken. These gods live only in history like great man like Abraham Lincoln. Their temples and place of worship are historical monuments just like the home of Abraham Lincoln is a history monument. Thus I absolutely concur with Menken that these are now dead gods.... In fact, the ability to procreate and response to external influences are the determining characteristics of the living. Indeed, the gods mentioned by Mencken exhibits these traits. Huitzilopochtli, for instance, cannot response if he is insulted or when his temple is abused. He cannot influence events happening around him. A dead god has no influence on present day events. He has lost its place. Like the dead man, he lives only in the mind of his lovers and in history. He does not create anything neither does he initiate ideas. Nobody attributes great inventions and ideas to the gods mentioned by Mencken, at least in our time. A living god is a source of inspiration to its followers. A dead god provides no inspiration. As a result of all the lacks of the dead god as mentioned above, he has no worshippers or followers. Indeed, the trademark of a dead god is his lack of followers and worshipper (Mencken 1). This follows from the dead god inability to influence events and to response t o external events. Why are other gods still alive? To be alive means to respond to changes in the environment, to influences events, to initiate ideas, and to procreate. These are characteristics of the living. Gods are acclaimed to be alive if they are held responsible for events happening in the society. As a result, they attract followers, who flock to their temples to worship. Indeed, other gods are alive because they are still considered to be accountable for events happening in the society. At least their followers held them accountable! This attracts thousands, if not millions, of followers to their place of worship. Take for instance Jesus Christ, who the Christian believed to be God. To the Christians, he

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting Research Paper

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting - Research Paper Example diminishing amount of revenue in the past three years in the month of December to January and April to May as the fiscal year comes to an end with an average rate of 15% and the revenue collection amount is registered high in the month of December every fiscal year. From the table of distribution of revenue collection in each year, the observation reveals that the revenue collection has been growing each year from the past financial year. Thus, given that the revenue collection amount in the month of May has the pattern of decreasing by 15% from the collection of April, then the revenue amount that is likely to be collected on May of 2001 is expected to be 586,743 - (586,743*15%) = 586,743 – 88,011.45 = 498,731.55 makka. If the amount of revenue that is likely to be collected in May is 498,731.55 makka, the revenue collection for the fiscal year June 2000-May 2001 will amount to 940,975.1 + 967,098.4 + 841,267.5 + 874,308.1 + 887,091.4 + 936,090.7 + 1,304,961.7 + 714,981 + 575,115 + 583,592 + 586,743 + 498,731.55 = 5,200,214.95 makka. Thus, the ministry target of revenue collection of 778,900 makka, given the past revenue pattern, will fail to be realized and will be required to be reviewed to a target of 5,200,214.95 makka. The factor that may affect the pattern of the revenue collection in Vadar Republic can be an economic scenario in the overall state and in the region which includes the economic trend (Baumol and Blinder 389). During the different months within the budget cycle, different economic events might be happening in some months that boost the income level of the citizen and returns of businesses in that particular period. For instance, during the month of December the country registers the highest level of revenue collection. This could be contributed to the festive season that accompanies the month of December, which means a lot of people engage in activities that increase the revenue that businesses make. A high revenue on the part of the

The Effects Of Deforestation On The Atmosphere Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Deforestation On The Atmosphere Environmental Sciences Essay Deforestation had been a sounding issue since the past decade. Not because of its contribution to human and urban development but to it brings many effects to the earth as a whole. This article will be focusing on two main effects that is caused by deforestation, which is damage on the atmosphere and biodiversity. The effects of deforestation on the atmosphere is the increase of carbon dioxide gases, gradually leading to the greenhouse effect and the global warming. The carbon cycle is also disrupted due to the reduction of trees for carbon dioxide absorption. The effect of deforestation on the biodiversity that humans, plants and animals are all harm without us noticing. Endangered animals and plants are facing extinction everyday as we speak. Humans health are also affected by the increasing level of carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere. Introduction Deforestation is simply defined as the removal of forest for land usage in a large scale, mainly conducted by humans. Deforestation had been very active in the past decades. As mentioned by Apan and Anderson (1998) Deforestation of tropical lands has become an issue of worldwide signi ¬Ã‚ cance. At the global level, the loss of biological diversity and the issue of arti ¬Ã‚ cial greenhouse effect are the major concerns, frequently the subject of international debates. (p. 137) Developers in the past decades had no conscious of the effects of uncontrolled deforestation, resulting in a serious lack of forest in this decade. There are many effects of deforestation which includes, drought, climate change, flora and fauna extinction, reduction of water yields, global warming, emission of greenhouse gases and many more. These effects of deforestation can bring severe harm in a local, regional and global scale. This article will be mainly focusing on the effects of deforestation on the atmosphere and biodiversity. The main question of the article is, whether deforestation will cause the climate to change and affects the biodiversity. There is a closely related link between deforestation, the earths atmosphere and biodiversity. The alteration of forest brings a huge impact on both the atmosphere and wildlife. Biodiversity is the to the term to describe all living things on this planet which involves faunas, floras, food chains and basically the whole ecosystem. The importance of biodiversity is far important than what we imagine. The reduction of biodiversities will surely disrupt the balance of this planet, as all these species are also part of the human food chain. The atmosphere refers to the layer of gas surrounding the earth. The atmosphere is very influential to the earths weather and consequently the temperature. As heat is transmitted from the sun, through the layers of atmosphere, then reaching to the earths surface, the atmosphere can be a shield or a magnifying glass depending on how we, humans manage our forest. Human development and increasing of population is a main contribution to deforestation. In order to save the world from deforestation, the root of the happening of deforestation must be discovered and solve. More land is required to support to growth of population, as a result, more deforestation will occur. However, if the rate of human development from an intellectual aspect increase, the actions that are brought out to handle population growth and deforestation will be handled in a more wise way. Effects on the atmosphere The carbon cycle is the transaction of oxygen and carbon dioxide between animals (humans) and plants. Humans produces carbon dioxide through respiration, while plants produces oxygen during photosynthesis. In the opposite, humans need oxygen to survive while plants need carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis for food. (Ragsdale, 2007) This is a perfect cycle which is able to maintain an equal volume of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. If deforestation occurs, the amount of trees will decrease. As a result, the rate of carbon dioxide absorption will gradually decrease as photosynthesis occurrence has decrease. This phenomenon will cause the volume of carbon dioxide to increase in the atmosphere. When the volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, these excessive carbon dioxide will be considered as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are entrapment agents that contribute to the rising of temperature in atmosphere. Greenhouse gases is a layer of gases between the surface of the earth and the earths atmosphere. When sunlight is directed to the surface of the earth, without the greenhouse gases, the sunlight will be reflected back to the sun without any obstacles. However, with the existence of the greenhouse gases in a layer form, when sunlight is directed onto the earths surface, the sunlight will be reflected back to the earths surface due to the entrapment by the greenhouse gases. As a result, when the energy from the sun has no place to escape, it will make the earths temperature increase. The volume of carbon dioxide is not only existed in a excessive manner, it is also emitted in an uncontrollable manner. When deforestation happens, trees falls and degrades for a period of time. The outcome of this degradation process is also known as forest biomass. As mentioned by Fearnside and Lawrence (2004) , forest biomass is the one of the main source of carbon dioxide emission when trees were burnt after they were chopped down. The forest also acts as a filter for carbon dioxide and air pollutants which in other words, the forest can provide us a cleaner and fresher air. However, inconsiderate farmers and agriculturalist would burn the whole deforested area for the sake of their own convenience. As mentioned that greenhouse gases will cause an increase in the atmospheres temperature, thus, global warming and deforestation is interrelated. When the volume of carbon dioxide increases, the temperature in the atmosphere increases as well, resulting in global warming. The main danger of global warming is that, when the earth heats up, glaciers in the north pole will melt and gradually more floods ad tsunamis will happen. Effects on the biodiversity Biodiversity is defined as all living things on earth which includes plants and animals, the entire ecosystem and basically the whole planet. Sofie (2007) said human dominance of the biosphere has signi ¬Ã‚ cantly changed ecosystems, thereby often impairing their capacity to provide ecosystem services crucial for our survival. (p. 2753) When deforestation occurs, animals will lose their habitat and plants will be removed for good. Many animals gain their food from their own habitat and their habitat would be the only place for them to find for their suitable food. When the animals habitat is destroyed, many animals would starve to death and gradually leads to extinction for some rare and endangered animals. The same thing that will occur to the floras, when deforestation occurs, tall trees with will be chopped off, while plants that grows on the ground would be also remove during the loading process of the tree trunks. Rare and endangered plants will be extinct during the process of deforestation. Forest canopy blocks the sunlight from entering the forest surface. Some plants that are sensitive to sunlight will wilt when the forest canopy is removed. Biodiversity is not only about plants and animals, it also involves humans. When the volume of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere due to deforestation, humans health will be affected. Carbon dioxide gas itself is an acidic gas, excessive inhalation will cause many side effects such as dizziness, headaches, drowsiness, increase in heartbeat rate and blood pressure, suffocation and unconsciousness if the concentration of carbon dioxide gas is high. Besides, the roots of the trees holds the ground of the forest together. If deforestation happens, the forest ground will be loose and eventually causes the happening of landslides and flash flood. Who will be the main victims of these following event? Humans. Solution to deforestation Many methods are used to solve deforestation all over the globe. Reforestation is the best method to solve deforestation. The concept of reforestation is saving what was damaged. Planting one tree after chopping one tree is not enough to reduce the rate of deforestation. At least three trees should be planted at the same time when one tree is chopped down in order to keep the number of trees increasing. (Galan, Matias, Rivas Bastante, 2009) In a local view, farmers and agriculturist should be considerate and aware of the importance of the forest and the serious emission of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. The main reason why deforestation occurs is because of ignorance and lack of knowledge on environment issues. As mentioned by Koop and Tole (2001), when the rate of human development is high, the rate of deforestation will be low. The human development rate is obtained through a countrys education quality, intellectual level, income level and life quality. In other words, when the majority of a country hare a high intellectual level, they would be aware of the importance of the forest and try their best to preserve the remaining forest and conduct reforestation. Governments and education ministries should start to instill the importance of forest to the country to primary, secondary and tertiary students. For they are the future leaders, they would be aware of the serious deforestation occurring in their country if they have the acknowledgement of this issue. Besides, the government should also play their role to reinforce the laws and regulations on environmental issues. The government has the responsibility to preserve the remaining forest and conduct reforestation as the effects of deforestation is drastic especially to the people in the country. Penalties should be charged on deforestation offenders such as illegal lumberjacks, ruthless developers, ignorant agriculturist and so on. Discussion All in all, deforestations effect is devastating no matter in a local, regional or a global scale. The victims of deforestation are commonly animals, plants and we, humans. The atmosphere is already facing critical problems, especially the carbon dioxide issue. Excessive carbon dioxide is bad to both humans and the climate. Actions must be carried out by all human race to save the earths atmosphere. With the reduction of paper usage, the demand for trees will be decreased and this would surely paralyze the increasing rate of deforestation. Extinction is also a worrying issue nowadays and the main cause of this event is because of loss of habitat. Animals need their habitat in order to survive and reproduce. Food and water supply is easily obtained from their original habitat. Animals that lost their habitat will either starve to death or killed by humans for trespassing in to residential areas. We would not want our next generation to miss all these beautiful creation due to our irre sponsibility in preserving the environment. Conclusion The reason why I am interested in this topic is because, the forest is a wonderful creation of God, there are many fascinating creatures in the forest waiting to be discovered. Deforestation prevents scientists and zoologists from doing so. Besides, I am aware that the reduction of forests will not only affect our current generation, but also our following generation. I truly hope that governments can start to act before it is too late. Educate the people on environmental issues, reinforce laws and regulations regarding environmental issues and preserve the forest before deforestation outruns the efforts of reforestation.

Comparing Rocking-Horse Winner, Prussian Officer, and Second Best Essay

Differences in Rocking-Horse Winner,  Prussian Officer, and Second Best Works by the same author often show the repeated use of certain words, images, or plots. In five short stories by the author, D.H. Lawrence, differences between social classes are the basis for conflict and provide the foundation for taboo relationships. These five stories are "The Rocking-Horse Winner," "The Prussian Officer," "Second Best," "The White Stocking," and "The Daughters of the Vicar." The inclusion of the motif of class differences in these particular works often leads to acts of violence or tragedy as the outcome. In "The Rocking-Horse Winner," a relationship forms between the pseudo- aristocratic Paul and his family's gardener, Bassett. Paul's family is not by any means rich, but "they felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood." Bassett, in contrast, is a young war veteran turned gardener with a passion for horse racing. It turns out that this passion is shared by Paul and his uncle Oscar, as well. Oscar is at first disapproving of the relationship between "old man" Bassett and his nephew, but the love for horse racing and gambling puts them on the same level. The class difference between the men is used by Lawrence to show that debt and greed are universal desires — they are not confined to the lower classes. The fatal climax of the story is sadly also its end. When Paul falls off of the rocking-horse and lies dying in his bed, his mother is brought down from her imaginary pedestal of social superiority and allows Bassett (with whom the boy's "intense hours" were spent) t o visit with him. The story ends tragically with social differences being readily apparent. "The Prussian Officer" is similar to "The Rocking-Horse Wi... ...is a result, whether direct or indirect, of tragedy and/or violence. "The Rocking Horse Winner" and "The Prussian Officer" describe the brutish deaths of the protagonist, while "Second Best" shows the perversity of a cross-class mating ritual. "The Daughters of the Vicar" is a tragedy due to the death of a character as well as the sentencing of the two heroes to a life of seclusion and tribulation. Motifs can come in many forms, and the stories of D.H. Lawrence can be linked in a variety of ways. Interestingly enough, as illustrated by this essay, one of the strongest links has to do with the differences between people and the problems that relationships between them can cause. Works Cited: Lawrence, David Herbert. "The Rocking-Horse Winner". Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirzner and Stephen R. Mandell. Forth Worth: Harcourt, Inc., 2001 Comparing Rocking-Horse Winner, Prussian Officer, and Second Best Essay Differences in Rocking-Horse Winner,  Prussian Officer, and Second Best Works by the same author often show the repeated use of certain words, images, or plots. In five short stories by the author, D.H. Lawrence, differences between social classes are the basis for conflict and provide the foundation for taboo relationships. These five stories are "The Rocking-Horse Winner," "The Prussian Officer," "Second Best," "The White Stocking," and "The Daughters of the Vicar." The inclusion of the motif of class differences in these particular works often leads to acts of violence or tragedy as the outcome. In "The Rocking-Horse Winner," a relationship forms between the pseudo- aristocratic Paul and his family's gardener, Bassett. Paul's family is not by any means rich, but "they felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood." Bassett, in contrast, is a young war veteran turned gardener with a passion for horse racing. It turns out that this passion is shared by Paul and his uncle Oscar, as well. Oscar is at first disapproving of the relationship between "old man" Bassett and his nephew, but the love for horse racing and gambling puts them on the same level. The class difference between the men is used by Lawrence to show that debt and greed are universal desires — they are not confined to the lower classes. The fatal climax of the story is sadly also its end. When Paul falls off of the rocking-horse and lies dying in his bed, his mother is brought down from her imaginary pedestal of social superiority and allows Bassett (with whom the boy's "intense hours" were spent) t o visit with him. The story ends tragically with social differences being readily apparent. "The Prussian Officer" is similar to "The Rocking-Horse Wi... ...is a result, whether direct or indirect, of tragedy and/or violence. "The Rocking Horse Winner" and "The Prussian Officer" describe the brutish deaths of the protagonist, while "Second Best" shows the perversity of a cross-class mating ritual. "The Daughters of the Vicar" is a tragedy due to the death of a character as well as the sentencing of the two heroes to a life of seclusion and tribulation. Motifs can come in many forms, and the stories of D.H. Lawrence can be linked in a variety of ways. Interestingly enough, as illustrated by this essay, one of the strongest links has to do with the differences between people and the problems that relationships between them can cause. Works Cited: Lawrence, David Herbert. "The Rocking-Horse Winner". Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirzner and Stephen R. Mandell. Forth Worth: Harcourt, Inc., 2001

Fiction and Story

Character Analysis The Story: the Monkey’s Paw * Character: Pamela * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Genre: Descriptive * The Monkey’s Paw was a descriptive story because throughout the whole story they were describing the paw and throughout the Afterlife you will see Pamela describing her feelings on what happen to her brother Herbert. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery for the Monkey’s Paw because in the end of the story I wasn’t clear on what happen and in the afterlife things happened that no one knows but me. * Literary Device: Conflict I picked conflict as my literary device because there’s a lot of conflict in this story with Pamela, Herbert, Mrs. White, Mr. White, and the star of the book â€Å"The Paw†. And also in the afterlife there’s a lot of conflict between Mr. White and Pamela * Literary Convention: Dialogue * I chose dialogue as my literary convention device because throughout the entire story there were * I picked comprehension for my blooms taxonomy device because you have to comprehend what happen in the regular Monkey’s Paw before you can understand what’s going on in the afterlife. Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia * I chose Onomatopoeia for the Rhetorical device because in The Money’s Paw afterlife the story has a lot of sound effects. * Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID as my Sigmund Freud device because in the afterlife the characters have childish types of behavior. * Writing Mode: Reflection * I picked reflection to be my writing genre device subgenre because throughout the sequel it will be flashbacks on why something happened. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy The Story: Swimming To Antarctica Character: Ms. Cox * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Mode: Narrative * Swimming to Antarctica was a Narrative story because Ms. Cox was telling the story and she was the person who was actually swimming to Antarctica. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery as my fiction genre because after the original story Swimming to Antarctica was over they didn’t explain to the reader what happen to Ms. Cox. But, you will find out what happened to her in the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica. Literary Device: Conflict * I chose conflict as my literary device for â€Å"SA† because in the afterlife there is a lot of conflict between Ms. Cox and her health. * Literary Convention: Dialogue * Dialogue plays a very big role in the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica. You will see that Ms. Cox and her doctor having multiple conversations. * Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension * For the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica you will have to remember what happen in the original story. * Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia Throughout the afterlife of â€Å"SA† there will be sound effects and actions going on. * Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID because once again there will be childish decisions that Ms. Cox make in the afterlife of Swimm ing to Antarctica that will classify her as ID. * Writing Mode: Reflection * In Swimming to Antarctica Afterlife you will realize that I will be having flashbacks on what happened in the original story. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy: The Story: Occupation Conductorette * Character: Maya Angelou * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient Writing Genre: Persuasive * Occupation Conductorette was a persuasive story because Ms. Angelou was trying to persuade the people to give her a job at their company. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery for the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette because no one knows what happened in 2019 with Maya Angelou and the job she wanted so bad. * Literary Device: Conflict * Throughout the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette you will figure out that there is a lot of conflict between Maya Angelou and the young lady Paradise. Literary Convention: Dialogue * In the Afterlife of Occupation Conductorette there will be more than enough dialogue between Maya Angelou, Paradise, and the white man. * Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension * In the afterlife of â€Å"OC† you will see a big change in rolls and you wouldn’t understand what’s going on if you didn’t comprehend the original â€Å"OC†. * Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia * Throughout the afterlife of â€Å"OC† there will be sound effects but not as much as the others stories because â€Å"OC† is a more serious taking story. Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID because in the Afterlife Maya Angelou had a few ID behaviors when it came down to her making a decision. * Writing Mode: Reflection * Throughout the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette you will see Maya Angelou have flashbacks on her experience of begging for a job. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy: The Story: The Leap * Character: The Mom * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Mode: Expository * The Leap to me is classified as a expository story because

Prototype Theory essays

Prototype Theory essays The "prototype theory" was proposed by Rosch (1978), who suggested that when people categorize objects they match them against "the prototype", i.e. an "ideal exemplar", which contains the most representative features inside the category. Objects that do not share all the characteristics of the prototype are still members of the category but not prototypical ones. She argued that prototypes represent a "basic level of categorization", e.g. "chair", as opposed to a "superordinate", e.g. "furniture" and a "subordinate" level, e.g. "kitchen chair". The prototype theory has been particularly fruitful in providing several researchers with a convenient explanation of some phenomena in studies of vocabulary acquisition and teaching, mental lexicon, as well as in studies of cognitive linguistics and linguistic data. Rosch's concept of prototype served Griffiths (1986) to illustrate "the nature of the mental representations children have for their nominals" (p. 295). He focuses on dissimilarities between the language systems of a child and an adult, paying special attention to the so-called "overextension", i.e. covering many meanings with one word only. It is exemplified by presenting the situations in which a little girl, R., applied the word "shoe" to denote "brown beetle", "doll's arm", "sock", "feet", "shoe". The author's explanation of this phenomenon is as follows: My version of prototypes theory ... would attribute to R's mind something like videotape recordings of one or more shoe-involving episodes from her life ... she compared what she was currently experiencing with episodes in her mental "video" library and found that current input was closer to something in the shoe collection than to anything else. (p. 298) The similarity was probably a matter of visual resemblance (colour of the beetle, shape of the sock and feet) and action (arm being fitted to a body). Just like Griffiths, Cook (1991) is also concerned with vocab...

Crisis of Confidence essays

Crisis of Confidence essays On July 15, 1979, President Jimmy Carter gave a speech to our country. It was a nationally televised speech. It was not the speech that he had planned to give. It was a speech out of desperation, out of concern for us as a democracy, us as a people. This country was in an economic and energy crisis. This speech, although it addressed the energy crisis, spoke of different crisis and it became the title of his speech, A Crisis of Confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and the political fabric of America. The confidence that we have always had as people is not simply some romantic dream or proverb in a dusty book that we read just on the Fourth of July. It is the idea which founded our nation and has guided our development as a people. Confidence in the future has supported everything else Public institutions and private enterprise, our own families and the very Constitution of the United States. Confidence has defined our course and has served as a link between generations. Weve always believed in something called progress. Weve always had a faith that the days of our children would be better than our own. Our people are losing that faith, not only in government itself but in the ability as citizens to serve as the ultimate rulers and shapers of our democracy. As a people we know our past and we are proud of it. Our progress has been part of the living history of America, even the world. We always believed we were part of a great movement of humanity itself called democracy, involved in the search for freedom; and that belief has always strengthened us in our purpose. ...

Letter of Intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Letter of Intent - Essay Example The researcher states that admission into McGill's Counseling Psychology program will not only fulfill the career ambitions, it will also fulfill the purpose in life. The researcher would like to devote his energies to showcase the effects of parenting on a child's overall development. It is a subject that the researcher naturally holds close to his heart. McGill University has been his preferred university since he was 16 years old, living in Malaysia. At the time, the author was looking at education options while planning to run away to Canada as a naive teen. The McGill University with its prestigious accolades, facilities and student life, was an easy winner. Since then, the author has always wanted to study at McGill and now armed with a Psychology degree from New Zealand, the next step is clear. The researcher picked Counseling Psychology because he wants to be out on the field working with people. Besides being able to work with some of the most respected psychologists in this program, the author is drawn to the non-thesis aspect of it. The researcher is happiest when the assessment is continuous and hands-on performance is evaluated - he performs at his peak that way as he likes taking challenges head-on. In addition, the author is attracted to the certification as a counselor one receives at the end of the program, with the option of doing a Ph.D. later on. Currently, he is volunteering as a childcare facilitator at the Young Parents Program in NDG and as a research aide at the Talwar's Research Center at McGill. Along with that, the author is also working as a freelance writer to save up for his post-grad fund. Prior to this, the author was an international student mentor in his alma maters where he provided mentoring, guidance and English language aid to students from China and Japan. The researcher really loves working with people and he enjoys being a positive part of their life. The researcher confesses that his time as an international student me ntor was the happiest moments of his life. It was a start to the discovery of his career path to be a counselor. Although the author may not have stellar results like some of his peers, he has a lot to offer in terms of his personal interest, future plans in this field and the will to accomplish whatever it takes to make this ambition work. The researcher is prepared to work extremely hard to get to where and what he wants. He is even proud of his apparently meager accomplishments because at one point in time, graduating itself had seemed a tall order for him. To cut a long story short, the author had not been making the right choices in life but he has since bounced back. The researcher has learned through the counsel of one very remarkable lecturer that the choices in life are mine to make, and mine to live with, regardless of the circumstances or his upbringing. The researcher is taking that advice again as he is writing this letter. The researcher is making the choice to seek en trance in one of the toughest programs at McGill University because he knows he is worth it.

Servant Leadership in the Bible Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Servant Leadership in the Bible - Dissertation Example The Holy Quran also portrays the leader of the people as the servant who should work to satisfy the people rather than be the master commanding them. The religious connotation looks at leadership in this form as being a part of the self-actualization factor as noted in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Joseph & Winston, 2005). Â  Robert Greenleaf saw a servant leader as the person who acted as a servant first (Parris, & Peachey, 2013). The individual does not begin acting as a leader if deep within the urge to serve is absent (Gonzaga, 2005). The main idea should be to create new platforms that will make it easier to serve the people and make a conscious choice to administer as it appears based on the autonomy required for the growth of the individual’s satisfaction (Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, & Dickens, 2011). This test is administered in harder situations where the difficulty tests the leader’s ability to come up with better means of dealing with failures as well as the relationship between leaders and workers (Kernis, & Goldman, 2006). Greenleaf argues that the deep-seated need and desire to serve others provides the core need for one to be a servant. Servant leaders have the natural feeling that emanates from this desire (Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, & Peterson, 2008). It can be c reated by making conscious aspirations and sticking the core attributes that define the way this can happen without losing track of the benefits derived from such an action. Most of these benefits are intrinsic (van Dierendonck, 2011). Â  The paradoxical nature of servant and leadership is not to be missed. When Jesus was washing the disciple’s feet, they were apprehensive of this act (Kool &van Dierendonck, 2012). They wanted to be the ones doing the washing and not Jesus.

A National Minimum Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A National Minimum Vacation - Essay Example ils to acknowledge the relevance of the argument and in defense establishes a causative chain where he reasons that vacations are instrumental in facilitating development if recreation industry. People on vacation would require the services of hotels, travel, recreation as well as restaurants, which means that this would be creation of jobs. According to Reich therefore, increasing the vacation time would increase demand to such services as are provided by the players within the hotel and recreation industry hence increasing their productivity. This shows that prolonged vacation contributes towards increased productivity in the country because of improved performance by other industries. This paper establishes therefore that overall productivity of the American people’s productivity would be boosted by the increment of vacation time through boosting the productivity of individual worker while at the same time creating higher opportunities within subsidiary industries such as t he hotel industry. Reich is therefore effectively supports his causal chain argument and I agree with him. Such policy legislation has the capacity of creating an incentive to individual employees who would reciprocate through increased productivity. Moreover, the need established through services required by employees on vacation increases productivity of such subsidiary industries hence increased overall productivity in the country. Reich adopts an assertive tone in the entire excerpt as revealed through the choice of words adopted as well as through his chronological argument. First, he feels and expresses his argument as a part of the entire system and therefore feels that he belongs and would desire such a change as he postulates. The argument presents the opinions respectfully, appropriately as well as clearly as shown through the calm and clarity of voice adopted. The choice of the words ‘holds on’ for instance shows that he is confident and in control of his position in the

Health of Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Health of Indigenous Peoples Essay This essay seeks to demonstrate that whilst Indigenous health policy may have been on the Australian public policy agenda since the1960s, the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health has remained. A brief description of the lives of Indigenous Australians prior to the colonisation of Australia is given, followed by a description of various policies that have been introduced by the Australian government to combat these inequalities. This essay demonstrates why these policies have been inadequate, in turn highlighting why the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge in creating Indigenous health policies is important. This essay closes with a brief examination of the Closing the Gap policy, which is utilising the knowledge of Indigenous Australians in creating culturally sensitive Indigenous health policies. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates that by including Indigenous Australians in the policymaking process, we might be starting to close the gap. The health inequality of Indigenous Australians has long been a concern for Australia and the world. Whilst the overall health of Australia has continued to improve, the health of Indigenous Australians remains at levels below those of non-indigenous Australians. Whilst it may seem that there is a lot being done to address these issues, the statistics demonstrate that policies implemented to address these issues have not been effective (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). The thesis of this essay is that whilst the government has been seen as attempting to address the issues of health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, it is only in recent times that the government has implemented programs that are anywhere near close to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. To demonstrate this thesis, this essay will firstly discuss the history of Indigenous health prior to colonisation. This will be done to highlight how Indigenous health has declined dramatically since colonisation. This essay will then discuss what the government has been doing since the 1967 referendum, in which Indigenous Australians were formally recognised in the Constitution, to address issues of health inequalities (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010). In the next section, a discussion on the reasons why there is a large gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous health will occur. This will be followed by a discussion on the utilisation of Indigenous knowledge to provide adequate health services. This essay will finally discuss the current Closing The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011), which has been introduced to address issues that previous policies have failed to. This will be done to highlight the fact that whilst it may seem that as the Indigenous population require the knowledge and assistance of its non-indigenous counter parts, what is evident is that health of Indigenous populations has in fact declined since the colonisation of Australia. Failing to recognise the correlation between colonisation and declining health of Indigenous people, will only see a continuation of the problem rather than seeing a positive change. Whilst the information pertaining to the health of Indigenous Australians prior to colonisation in 1788 appears to be scarce, what is known is that Indigenous health has been on the decline since the arrival of European settlers. Indigenous Australians were considered to be healthier than those of their colonisers (Flood 2006, p. 120). Prior to colonisation, there was no contact with the outside world and therefore infectious diseases were minimal. Due to the introduction of new illnesses from colonisation, the population of Indigenous Australians declined (Carson 2007, p. 43). It was also common for Indigenous women to contract sexual diseases from the often non-consensual contact with the colonisers (Carson 2007, p. 44). Health was also impacted upon by change in diet. Prior to colonisation, Indigenous Australians maintained a diet of protein and vegetables due to the animals and plants available to them (Flood 2006, p.120), as well as the exercise they maintained from hunting and gathering (Flood 2006, p. 122). After colonisation, the Indigenous diet included many foods which saw an increase in obesity, diabetes and heart disease (O’Dea 1991, p. 233). It was not just the introduction of disease and change in die that impacted upon Indigenous Australians’ health. Anthropological studies surrounding Indigenous culture have shown that Indigenous populations have close ties to the land, as the land is incorporated into their sense of being. Pieces of land belonged to particular groups of individuals, and the objects from the natural landscape were considered to be part of their history (Carson 2007, p. 180). It was the failure of colonisers to understand this worldview that has contributed to the deterioration of mental health amongst Indigenous Australians, as they were forced off their lands and into settlements and reserves (Carson 2007, p. 49). This contributed to the feeling of being disconnected from land and family, exacerbating feelings of not be longing, lack of identity and low self-esteem (Ypinazar et al.2007,p. 474). As one can see, the issue of health amongst Indigenous Australians is a complex one, complicated by the differing world views of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. It is due to this lack of understanding that has resulted in a myriad of health policies that have attempted to address the issue of health inequality of Indigenous Australians. The first health policy to address the health issues of Indigenous Australians was implemented in 1968, with thirty five adjustments made between then and 2006. Without going into the details of every amendment or new policy, what was common throughout this timeline, was that there were various bodies and institutions created to address the issues that had not been adequately addressed previously, responsibilities were allocated by the government to the states and territories, and programs were implemented to address health issues. Change in governments also meant that policies were constantly changing, which meant that the ways in which health issues were seen and therefore addressed also changed (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet 2010). When attempting to implement a policy that will adequately address the issue, what has been found is that comparative analysis has been used to determine how health issues have been addressed in other countries. Whilst this kind of analysis may be sufficient in some circumstances, it does not suit such a situation where our Indigenous population’s culture and worldview is unlike that of any other. For example, whilst health issues may be similar to those of Indigenous populations elsewhere, worldviews which impact upon health and wellbeing will vary and may not be able to be applied from one culture to another (Tsey et al.2003, p. 36). One event that highlights the differing views on how issues should be addressed, was the closing down of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) by the John Howard Government in 2004 (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet2010). What was significant about this was that Indigenous health policy had been the responsibility of ATSIC. This action effectively removed the responsibility of Indigenous health from the Indigenous people and placed the responsibility with mainstream departments that were also responsible for non-indigenous health. By doing this, the government had  wound back many years of work to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, perceiving Indigenous Australians as a culture that could not look after themselves and needed instead the knowledge and expertise of the superior colonialists (Kay Perrin 2007, p. 19). By removing the responsibility of Indigenous health from ATSIC and placing it in the hands of a body that was also responsible for non-indigenous health, the government failed to understand the intricacies of Indigenous Australian culture and the implications that this kind of action can have on Indigenous health. Whilst the overall health of Australians is amongst the top third of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 8). There is a clear disparity between Indigenous and non-indigenous health, when one considers that even in this day and age of modern medicine, Indigenous Australians are expected to live twelve years less than their non-indigenous counterparts for males, and ten years less for females (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). So what are considered to be the reasons for this inequality? What has already been highlighted, is that Indigenous health has suffered from the introduction to changes in diet, introduction of diseases both airborne and venereal, and the impact upon mental health due to dispossession of land and loss of kinship. Mental health issues can also be connected to the economic and social disadvantage of many Indigenous individuals, which can lead to substance abuse and other issues (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 33). The failure to adequately address mental health issues has resulted in deaths by suicide being the second biggest reason for deaths by injury (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 30). These figures demonstrate that policies have clearly not been working. A salient point to note is that Indigenous Australians are the least likely group of the whole population, to access important health services. So what are the reasons behind this lack of access to services? It can be as simple as the kind of service that an individual receives. From personal experience of serving Indigenous customers, tone of voice can be misinterpreted. What may be considered polite in most circumstances, can be misconstrued as being conceited by others. Use of language can also be a barrier. For example, (again from personal experience), language has to be altered to manoeuvre these barriers, such as replacing the term ‘bank account’ with the word ‘kitty’. Other barriers may include the fact that in remote communities, health professionals may also be the town judge, which may deter Indigenous people from accessing the services from a person who might have also been responsible for sentencing an individual or a member of their family (Paul 1998, p.67). Barriers such as the remote locations of individuals in comparison to the services, and the cost of services also have to be taken into account. For example, if a service is some distance away from an individual, the cost of travelling may be too high. The cost of services close by may also be too expensive for individuals, or individuals may receive poor treatment due to either being turned away from services, or mistreatment due to racialist beliefs. This may result in individuals travelling long distances due to this very mistreatment in their own communities (Paul 1998, pp.67-68). The misconception that all Indigenous Australians are one group of people can also result in culturally inadequate services, deterring individuals from accessing important health services (Paul 1998, p. 68). This lack of understanding about Indigenous cultures when providing health services has resulted in a rise in the provision of health services that are either run by Indigenous individuals, or have been created in consultation with Indigenous individuals, to ensure that the services being provided are culturally adequate. An example that highlights this can be seen in the creation of a program in 1998in the Northern Territory that was attempting to address the health inequalities of Indigenous children (Campbell et al 2005, p. 153). There were many problems with this programme because the people that were overseeing the programme did not have cultural knowledge that was a factor in the health and wellbeing of the children. What resulted was a program which was implemented in an Indigenous remote community, which utilised the knowledge of Indigenous people from the community itself. This allowed for the programme to be altered when issues were addressed and individuals within the community were able to provide solutions to issues, rather than being told what was going to happen by an outside authority (Campbell etal. 2005, p. 155). Whilst this programme realised that a bottom-up approach was more beneficial than a top-down one which usually occurs in policy implementation, there were issues because the programme also involved people from the outside that were there to manage the programme, who were unwilling to give total control to the community, generating feelings of disempowerment, resentment and marginalisation (Campbell et al. 2005, p. 156). Whilst there are many examples of programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, one that deserves mentioning because of success that it has had are the men’s groups in Yaba Bimbie and Ma’Ddaimba Balas (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 160). What was found was that these programs were successful because they were run by Indigenous men who had direct knowledge of the cultural issues and needs of the community as they also lived there. They were also successful because the men felt included in their communities by having control, rather than being controlled by an outside source. Due to these men’s groups, individuals were able to come together and share their concerns about their community, and as the others also were from the same community, they were able to contribute to solutions to the problems by feeling able to speak freely about their concerns. One such concern was anger management issues, which were exacerbated by the social issues that the individuals faced (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 163). Whilst, issues like this may seem to be separate, they in fact contribute to other areas, as has been mentioned earlier in regards to mental health and suicide, which flow on to other members of the community, when there may be no one in the family who is able to earn an income, which contributes to poverty. This may in turn, render an individual unable to access services as previously mentioned. As one can see, when individuals who are directly impacted by issues, are included in finding solutions to address these issues, there is more success than when they are not included. It is the understanding of this that has seen the implementation of the Close The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011). This policy is based on the understanding that the concept of health is different in the eyes of Indigenous Australians than that of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare2009). This policy has sought to reduce the gap of inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians by reducing the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halving mortality rates of children by2018, ensuring equal access to early childhood education by 2013, halving the gap in the area of inability to read and write by 2018, halving the gap of individuals who attain their Year 12 education by 2020 and halving the gap of unemployment rates by 2018 (Gillard2011, p. 2). Various programmes have been implemented to address these issues, with a common theme of inclusion. That is, the programs all involve Indigenous Australians who have a better cultural understanding than non-indigenous Australians. This has allowed for individuals to work with their own communities, various levels of government, non-government organisations and businesses (Gillard 2011, p. 6). By doing so, it has provided individuals with a sense of control and purpose over their own lives, which has seen a decrease in the mortality rates of Indigenous Australians (Gillard2011, p. 12), as well as a reduction in the rates of reading and writing problems (Gillard 2011, p. 14). There has also been a significant increase in the numbers of Indigenous Australians aiming towards their Year 12 qualifications (Gillard 2011, p. 16), as well as a decrease in the number of unemployed in the Indigenous population (Gillard 2011, p. 17). Whilst these figures are promising, one has to look at some of the programs that have been implemented as a result of this policy, to see if lessons have been learned from past mistakes, or if similar mistakes are being made. One such program that is deemed to be addressing issues of inequality is the Welfare Payment Reform act, which allowed the government to withhold portions of welfare payments (Gruenstein 2008, p. 468). This was to ensure that portions of the payment were going to required living expenses before going to things such as alcohol. Whilst this may seem as though it is an important step in addressing issues within communities, what is important to note is that policies such as these are in direct violation of the Racial Discrimination Convention because they directly target Indigenous individuals solely because they are Indigenous and are not necessarily in need of intervention (Gruenstein, 2008, p. 469). Whilst the Closing the Gap policy has good intentions, it can result in actions that treat Indigenous Australians as a homogenous group, rather than recognising the variation of issues. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that Australia has come a long way in addressing the issues of inequality amongst Indigenous Australians. It has been demonstrated that Indigenous Australians were in good health prior to colonisation, and only since colonisation has the health of Indigenous Australians has declined. This essay has also shown that the different governments have varied between allowing Indigenous Australians self-determination, or be included in the process of policy making, to the government seizing control of the issues, excluding the Indigenous community from decision making. Whilst it has been shown that the government has been addressing issues for well over 40 years, it has only been in recent times that issues of inequality have begun to be adequately addressed. By understanding that it is Indigenous Australians who are better able to understand their issues, which stem from the actions of non-indigenous peoples and allowing Indigenous Australians to take control of their own lives, will we start to close the gap of health inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.

Disaster Management Approaches For Libraries

Disaster Management Approaches For Libraries Abstract The present paper highlights the disaster and its management in general and in libraries in electronic age. The paper also suggested the management methods of disaster in libraries. Libraries are the custodian of our history, culture and civilization. They are keeping the heritage of the nation in safe for last thousands of years. The safeguard against disaster for the libraries is very important. Safeguard should be in such planned ways that save the resources of library without any damage. In India libraries are not concentrating on disaster management due to unawareness and paucity of funds. Libraries and reputed Information Centres should organise program on disaster management in libraries. There should be training and workshop program for library personnel as well as for library users. Library and managing authority should make necessary arrangement for the effective program of disaster management in libraries. Disaster management program should be implemented from the initial stage (from the construction of building for any organisation). Key-Words: Disaster, Disaster Management, Natural Disaster, Man-Made Disaster,  Disaster Management – Libraries, Artificial Disaster 1. Introduction: Now libraries of India transforming themselves from traditional library to modern library or we may say automated, electronic, digital, virtual or hybrid libraries. With the development of technology changes, the development of adversity also increased. Adversity or disaster may be natural an artificial also. Disaster and its management (Disaster Management) now becomes the burning topic in many field due to natural disaster as cyclone, tornado, earthquake, fire due to heavy rain, water flood etc. and artificial disaster as power grid failure, network failure, fire, server fail, short -circuit etc. In libraries, authorities and libraries are not giving their attention for management of any kind of disaster. In India except some advance libraries, most of libraries have no prearrangement for disaster. Libraries have our history. Civilization and culture in books and in electronic form, if any disaster occurred they will lose valuable history, Civilization and culture. 2. Disaster Disaster is an unexpected, disastrous happening carrying excessive mutilation, damage, and destruction and devastation to life and property. The mutilation caused by disasters is incalculable and differs with the topographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of susceptibility. These effects may be mental, socio-economic, political and cultural state of the affected area. Disaster may be men made (Artificial) and natural. Some definition of disaster as follow: An occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress; a catastrophe.† Emergency â€Å"A serious situation or occurrence that happens unexpectedly and demands immediate action[1].† (American Heritage Dictionary. 3 rd. ed., 1996) In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the effect of hazards on vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster; as is the case in uninhabited regions. (Quarantelli 1998)[2]. A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be extensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.[3] 2.1 Natural Disaster A natural disaster is an implication when a natural danger touches creatures and/or the built atmosphere. The resulting damage is governed by on the capacity of the population to support or fight the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: disasters occur when hazards meet defencelessness. A natural danger will hereafter never result in a natural disaster in areas without exposure. Numerous singularities like, landslides, earthquakes, eruptions, volcanic, cyclones and floods are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy moneys of territory and goods every time. Followings are the main natural disasters: Earthquakes Floods Volcanic eruptions Cyclones Biological agents (micro-organisms, insect or vermin infestation) Fires (wildfires) Rain 2.2. Artificial (Men Made) Disaster With the technological development the hazards also grows. Artificial disasters also can be caused by humans. Dangerous materials emergencies include chemical tumbles and groundwater pollution. Workplace fires (caused by short-circuit etc.) are more common and can originate substantial property mutilation and loss of life. Communities are also defenceless to these threats posed by fanatical groups who use ferocity against both people and property. In Artificial disaster, targets may include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, high-profile landmarks and large cities. In Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers (server down, virus attack, hacking and unauthorised access etc.) and networks done to intimidate or pressure a government or its people for political or social objectives. 3. Disaster management It is a discipline that includes making, holdup, and rebuilding society when natural or human-made disasters occur. In general, any Crisis management is the unceasing process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or perfect the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards ‘Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.[4] 4. Disaster in Libraries Disaster either natural or manmade may occur in any organisation and at any place of the world. Its seriousness may be distinguished on preventive, pre-arrangement and other security methods. Now, libraries have entered in the age of electronic age but with the advent of technology in libraries, the technological (Artificial) disaster has also generated. Natural disaster like flooding, earthquake, cyclones, rain and Volcanic eruptions etc. are identical and not changed but going toward uncertainty due to global warming. Day to day man-made disaster as power cuts, network failure, cooling- heating, theft of books, network tower failure, conflict, noise, and violence may occur in libraries. Besides these, fire, sever failure, crashing of computer also are major disaster in libraries. Sometimes some misshaping may convert in major disaster in libraries. 5. Disaster Management in Libraries: Libraries are our guardian or custodian of our history, culture and civilization. They are keeping these records in printed and non-printed document. Students, scholar expectation are also linked with libraries. So maintenance and security of libraries are essential from disaster etc. In this concern Indian libraries (especially government and public libraries) frustrated us. Libraries are not so secured in this concern. Most of the libraries have not installed fire alarm system in their libraries. If installed, the maintenance of these systems is zero, only they became show peace. Libraries are also faces many day to day disaster like power-cuts (No having generators), no heating-cooling system etc. Libraries are information centre are also organising many workshop, conference and seminar of ICT but neglected the topic like disaster management in libraries[5]. This is ill-fated of Libraries as they are providing reading material (books, journals and encyclopaedias etc.) on disaster management to their users for research but for them, there is no such perpetual program in this concern. Funds are also a barrier in this concern as libraries not getting adequate funds for purchase books etc. and these disasters are the secondary phase for the libraries. I personally observed in many libraries that there was no such preventive equipment and measurement for this disaster (natural and man-made). Disaster controlling plan is a must be assimilated in preliminary planning of founding a library and information centre. Numerous minor pointers for a complete disaster management plan, which are independent of each other but are interwoven. Libraries either academic or public and authority (Government- Non-Government) should make the following provision in their libraries against disaster management: Fruitful Plan: Each disaster has three phases: before, during and after. A variability of plans is required to manage with each of these phases. There should be fruitful plan for disaster management. Disaster plan must cover complete of the library and information centre including staff, readers, sources of information, equipment and infrastructure and it must be a cooperative team effort. Mirror Server/ Backup: There should be arrangement of mirror server and daily backup of work should be taken on regular base by the competent library staff. Data backup should not kept in library and be placed at minimum two places. A responsible staff may take this backup with them. AMC of library server and UPC may be an alternative security measure for this. Power Supply: There should be one main switch of light system of library and place to place MCV- Light controller should be installed in the library to avoid short-circuit in light system. Responsibility: There should be fixation of responsibilities on staff and suitable should be identified and succession should be fixed in written and verbally. Suitable senior and junior staff should be incorporated in disaster planning. Power-Cuts: There should be installation of Solar Power System and UPS to cater the the uninterrupted power supply. Sound proof power generator may be installed for this system. Fire: Fire alarm system and smoke detector should be installed in library on each level so that any type of smoke and fire is detected. The staff training is essential to handle such system and should openings for staff to be alert of what is expected of them in the event of disaster. Library should identifying imperative parts of the building, collections, allocating rescue primacies, recognizing substitute storage sites, providing satisfactory fire protection. Additional Funds Arrangement: There should be an additional fund arrangement to procure the preventive equipment and for making such disaster arrangement in libraries. Rain- Floods: It is impartial as important to determine where the water is coming from and should to stop it at its cause as it is to cover up the books. There should be arrangement of water security out system around the library. The access of water should go in direct to down to earth. User Awareness Program: There should be a user awareness program regarding the disaster management. This program may be included in user education/ orientation program of the library. Workshop/Training and Conference: Time to time library and information centers should organize training and workshop program on disaster management in libraries. Disaster Management Agency: Library and information centers may hire Disaster Management Agency for disaster management. Library may contract with such type of agency (Government and Private). There are many such types of agencies are available (online – offline) for disaster management. 6. Conclusion: Now the range of disaster has increased, natural disaster is increasing due to global warming and artificial disasters (man-made) are increasing with the advent of Information Communication Technology. Pre-planning for disaster is very important as this management is inter-linked on each other. These planning should be implemented from the initial phase (from the point of construction of building of any organisation like libraries). Time to time mock drill should also implement for testing of the program. Maintenance of such procedure is also very important. Government, non-government and managing authorities should also pay more attention on this issue. Government should also make such positive policies for libraries and information regarding the implementation of disaster management. Related Bibliography Aparac-Gazivoda, T. and Katalenac, D. (1993) Wounded libraries in Croatia, Zagreb: Croatian Library Association. Archives, Aldershot: Ashgate. Featherstone, Robin M., Lyon, Becky J, and Ruffin, Angela B. (2008).Librarian’s Role in Disaster Response: an Oral History Project. Journal of Medical Library Association, 96,256-282.doi 10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.009. Golrick, Michael A. (2009). Disaster management: Steps in the process. Retrieved from:http://michaelgolrick.blogspot.com/2009/03/disaster-management-plan-steps-in.html. Matthews, G. and Eden, P. (1996) Disaster management in British libraries. Project report with guidelines for library managers, London: The British Library. Matthews, Graham, Eden, Paul. (1996) Disaster management training in libraries, Library Review, Vol. 45 Iss: 1, pp.30 – 38 Riedlmayer, A. (2007) ‘Crimes of war, crimes of peace: destruction of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s’, Library Trends 1 (56), 107-132. [1] American Heritage Dictionary. 3 rd. ed., 1996 Houghton Mifflin; 3 editions (August 20, 1992). [2] Quarantelli E.L. (1998). Where We Have Been and Where We Might Go. In: Quarantelli E.L. (Ed). What Is A Disaster? London: Rutledge. pp146-159 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster [4] 1International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Disaster Management. Accessed 12-12-13 [5] http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2204context=libphilprac